![]() Nipple discharge is associated with ductal ectasia, intraductal papilloma, or in rare instances, carcinoma. As with cysts, fibroadenomas are mobile upon evaluation and are often multiple, occurring either simultaneously or over a specified period. įibroadenomas present in varied sizes with a common oval-shaped, well-defined margin. The texture upon evaluation ranges from a firm texture to multiple subcentimeter cysts. These types of cysts are usually found in the upper outer quadrants of the breast, as well as in the central margins. Various subtypes of cysts are known, including hyperplastic fibrous cysts, adenosis, and papillomatosis. ![]() ![]() Most patients present with multiple cysts upon further clinical and diagnostic evaluation. Except for inflammatory type cysts, discomfort and tenderness experienced by a patient are either absent or mild. īenign cysts are typically mobile within the glandular breast tissue, chest wall, and skin and are rubber-like in texture. Previous studies have concluded that hyperestrogenism and anovulation are associated with benign breast conditions, as the growth of glandular breast tissue is affected by the levels of estrogen and progesterone in pathological processes. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) typically presents with factors such as anovulation and hyperandrogenaemia, which is evident in 5 to10% of women within reproductive age. † Controls were women who had non-proliferative benign breast disease. * Relative risks estimated from standardized incidence ratios. The analysis used prospective cohort and nested case-control studies of at least 300 cases and meta-analyses. The use of anti-estrogens led to a 28% reduction in the prevalence of benign proliferative breast disease. During the Women’s Health Initiative study (WHI), the combined use of estrogen and progestin correlated with a 74% risk of benign breast disease. The prevalence of benign breast lesions in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens and progestins for over eight years is increased by 1.7 fold. ![]() The etiology of benign breast disease has demonstrated a strong clinical association with women receiving estrogen and anti-estrogen treatment. These components include the stroma, ducts, and lobules of the breast. During the reproductive age, glandular breast tissue has a direct relation to cyclical surges of plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone. The main components of the breast are prone to fibrocystic changes during hormonal fluctuations. The most common investigative tools to assess for these clinical findings are mammograms and ultrasound. The clinical findings include symptoms such as dimpling of the skin (peau d'orange), thickening, pain, and nipple discharge. A palpable mass upon clinical evaluation is evident in both benign and malignant breast conditions. The above-mentioned benign lesions are not associated with an increased risk for malignancy however, it associates with an up to 50% risk of developing breast cancer under certain histopathological and clinical circumstances. Benign breast disease is an umbrella term for various non-malignant lesions, such as tumors, trauma, mastalgia, and nipple discharge. Certain hormonal factors underpin the function, evaluation, and treatment of this disease. Fibrocystic breast disease is the most common benign type of breast disease, diagnosed in millions of women worldwide.
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